Low speed filling in Class-A environment, close to dryer loading area, required to minimize splashing
Requires multiple slow and careful manipulations to fill, load, download, and transport open trays without incident
Open trays cannot be stacked
Metal trays may warp creating inconsistent tray-to-shelf contact, resulting in poor thermal transfer
Highly vulnerable to cross-contamination of product
Highly vulnerable to fly-out, which can:
Spatula use requires a slow, careful process
After spills or fly-out, cleaning of freeze dryer requires additional validation, consuming worker time and resources